Bio 2 reminders

1. Please check your inboxes (for those who submitted via email)/check out the  document file in front of my cubicle at the Bio unit (for those who submitted hard copies) for your mythbusters proposals. Most of the proposals were approved, although some need clarifications esp. regarding their procedures. Go ahead and start working on them. Shout-out to Sr02 and 06 (Albao, Calubad, Dizon, Sarmiento, Villanueva, and Deximo): I cannot find your proposal in my inbox. Please resend ASAP.
2. Everyone is required to submit the EOQRs (either via email or in their NB’s):

• What was your favorite topic this quarter? Why?
• Which misconceptions were corrected?
• What concepts were you able to apply?
• What questions do you have regarding the topics discussed?

LT/Perio pointers and guide questions

You can answer this on a sheet of paper or email me your answers. One correct/complete answer is worth one recitation point.

Immunity

1. Draw a flowchart illustrating the events that occur during an inflammatory response.
2. Choose any two white blood cells and one type of antibody and sketch a character card for each of them (ala Pokemon cards or M:tG cards) describing their special abilities and attack/defense specialties.
3. Create Venn diagrams comparing a) B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, b) the characteristics of Class I and Class II MHC molecules, c) humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; d) the primary and secondary immune responses; and e) active and passive immunity.
4. Define clonal selection and draw a flowchart showing how it applies to the selection of lymphocytes specific for a certain antigen.
5. Explain why the O (Rh-) blood type is known as the universal donor and and AB (Rh+) blood type is known as the universal recipient and describe the risk associated with an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ fetus.
6. Severely burned patients must receive numerous skin grafts. Why is using an autograft (skin from the same person’s body) more advisable than using a skin graft from another donor?
7. Your grade-school age sister wonders what allergies are and what causes them. Explain this concept to her simply but completely.

Differentiate autoimmune diseases from immunodeficiency diseases. Give examples of each.

Other resources:

1. Cell-mediated immunity (swf)
2. Humoral immunity (swf)
3. Antibody action (wmv)

Osmoregulation and excretion (no need to answer if you are from Sr or K. Li students can answer if they want.):

1. Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
2. What osmoregulatory adaptations do marine and freshwater fishes employ to enable them to survive in their habitats?
3. Where do N-wastes come from?
4. What are the 3 major types of N-wastes? Rank them in terms of toxicity, amount of water needed for excretion, and energy needed for synthesis. What kind of animal would excrete a given type of N-waste? Why?
5. What are the osmoregulatory structures of the following animals: cnidarians, echinoderms, freshwater protists and sponges?
6. Describe the 4 major process associated with excretory systems?
7. What are the excretory systems of the following animals:  flatworms, roundworms, annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fishes and other vertebrates?
8. Trace the flow of N-wastes in the human excretory system from its origin in the liver to its exit from the body as urine (name all the blood vessels and structures associated with the nephron).
9. Describe the processes that occur in the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. What is the importance of the difference in permeability to water and solutes of the cells in the walls of the Loop of Henle and collecting duct?
10. ADH and RAAS both act on the nephrons, what is the difference between them?

Thermoregulation and the integumentary system

1. What are the four processes of heat exchange?
2. What is the main difference between ecto and endotherms?
3. Describe the effect of vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and countercurrent heat exchange on an animal’s temperature.
4. Describe the effect of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis on an endotherm.
5. What is torpor? What are the three kinds of torpor?
6. What is the thermostat of humans and other terrestrial mammals?
7. What are the three major layers of the skin? Describe them briefly.
8. Give three examples of epidermal derivatives that may be found in the dermis.

Musculoskeletal system (Not included in the LT but part of the periodic exam. You can also answer these and submit on or before the Bio Perio for extra recitation points.)

1. What is the difference between a hydrostatic, exo-, and endoskeleton?
2. What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton? Give examples of bones that belong to each.
3. What are joints? Give examples of each kind.
4. What are the three types of bone cells and what are the functions of each?
5. Contrast compact and spongy bone.
6. What is the simplest organism with muscle fibers?
7. Describe the three types of vertebrate muscle tissues.
8. Define the following: tendon, origin, insertion, fascia, antagonistic pairs.
9. Arrange the following terms from smallest to largest: fascicle, thin filament, sarcomere, myofibril, whole skeletal muscle, and muscle fiber.
10. Describe the roles of the following in muscle contraction: ATP, acetylcholine, nerve impulse, calcium ions, troponin, tropomyosin, actin, myosin, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sarcolemma.
11. What is the all-or-none response of muscle fibers?
12. Differentiate a twitch from tetanus.
13. Differentiate a slow twitch from a fast twitch fiber; dark meat from white meat.

Bio 2 Reminders

1.  LT on Dec 8 (Tues) for Li and Sr/Dec 9 for K. Coverage is from immunity onwards. Those who are not exempted, notebooks are required on this date.

2.  Approved mythbusters proposal by Dec 15. The criteria for grading is below:

Mythbusters proposal grade (15 pts.)

Title – Appropriate, catchy (1 pt.)

Myth/notion to be proven or debunked

- relevance to 3rd quarter topics (1 pt.)

- existing/popular myth (di lang imbentong myth) (2 pts.)

Scientific basis/procedures/processes

- appropriate procedures used (3 pts.)

- feasibility of the project (3 pts.)

- presence of controls and replicates (1 pt.)

Reliable references (3 pts.)

Chosen medium (1 pt.)

3.  Final project is due on January 8, 2010 (Friday). The criteria for grading is below:

Mythbusters project (30 pts.)

Clearly stated problem/hypothesis (4 pts.)

Relevance and appropriateness of the procedures used (7 pts.)

Accuracy of the results (7 pts.)

Clarity of presentation (3 pts.)

Creative and appropriate use of the medium (6 pts.)

Individual contribution to the group (3 pts.)

4. Periodic Exam schedule is 16-18 December 2009.

The Thin Man HW

This is due on the first meeting next week: Tuesday for Li and Sr and Wednesday for K.

You can use any creative pose for your skeleton as long as it is anatomically-correct and inoffensive.

STR 1 Pair SW/HW on Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Tests

Answer the following questions on a sheet of pad paper. Refer to the section on Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Tests in your STR manual or to any appropriate reference.

1. What is a statistical hypothesis?
2. Differentiate between a null and an alternative hypothesis.
3. What is a test statistic?
4. Differentiate between a one-tailed and a two-tailed test.
5. Differentiate between a Type I error and a Type II error. Which is more acceptable in scientific research? Why? (Hint: Suppose the research is on the effectiveness of a certain leaf extract against pancreatic cancer. Would making a Type I or a Type II error do more harm?)
6. What is meant by setting the level of significance at 0.05?
7. Fill in the table showing the differences between the following statistical tests –

Statistical Test	How many groups are being compared?	What type of variables or measurements are taken? (nominal/ interval/ratio/ordinal)	Brief description or example of situations in which the given test may be applied
t-test for independent samples
t-test for correlated samples
analysis of variance (ANOVA )
chi square
Friedman’s test