Check the Downloads section for the presentation files. Some pertinent youtube vids:
respiratory system
Bio 2 LT2 guide questions
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All presentations are available on the Downloads tab.
Guide Questons for Vertebrate Circulation
1. Describe the plans of the circulatory systems of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals and explain why these are suited to these organisms.
2. Describe what happens to the chambers and valves of the heart during each phase of the cardiac cycle.
3. Trace the flow of electrical stimulation in the heart.
4. What causes the lub dub sound of heartbeat?
5. Define the following: cardiac output, pulse, and blood pressure.
6. compare the structures of arteries, capillaries, and veins and relate these with their functions.
7. Why does blood slow down in capillary beds?
8. What is the function of precapillary sphincters?
9. Compare the osmotic and hydrostatic pressures at both ends of a capillary.
10. How do veins transport blood back to the heart?
11. How does a clot form?
12. What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?
Guide Questions for Respiration
These are already in the group discussion guide.
1. Differentiate between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of amount of energy generated and regions of the cell in which they occur.
2. Differentiate between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
3. Differentiate between the dark (Calvin cycle) and light reactions of photosynthesis.
4. Describe the adaptations of C3, C4, and CAM plants and the advantages of each adaptation.
5. Give examples of animals that use the following structures for gas exchange: cell surface, moist skin, gills, tracheal system/tracheae, and lungs.
6. Define ventilation and countercurrent exchange and explain how these mechanisms increase the amount of oxygen obtained by the gills of aquatic animals.
7. Trace the pathway of air in mammalian respiratory systems.
8. Differentiate among the breathing mechanisms of amphibians, reptiles and mammals, and birds.
9. Name the two regions of the brain that regulate breathing and describe their specific functions.
10. Describe some adaptations of deep-diving mammals to address their oxygen needs.
Additional questions:
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of air/water as a respiratory medium?
12. Define tidal volume, vital capacity, and residual volume.
13. How does a rise in carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream related to pH changes and oxygen levels?
14. Describe cooperativity and affinity as they apply to a hemoglobin molecule.
15. When does a Bohr shift occur?
16. Describe how carbon dioxide is transported by the bloodstream.
17. What is the difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin. Why?
The periodic exam is not solely multiple choice. The bulk is composed of respiration and circulation but some (around 15 questions) are from earlier lessons (biological organization to digestion). You can check this earlier post for some guide questions on that.
Aerobic bacteria
In response to a question by Nigel in class awhile ago, I did a little digging on aerobic bacteria and here’s an elaboration:
Aerobic bacteria can be divided into
- facultative anaerobes – can use oxygen but also have anaerobic means of respiration,
- microaerophiles – organisms that require oxygen to survive but require it in amounts less than that currently present in the atmosphere, and
- aerotolerant organisms – can survive in oxygen but use purely anaerobic means of respiration.
These bacteria use their cell membranes instead of mitochondria to utilize some oxygen during cellular respiration.
Bio 2 presentations
Please check the downloads section for the new Bio 2 presentations.
Downloads
Second Quarter Presentations
Bio Bingo Questions (for review)
This might help you review the many terms associated with our lessons. Though mostly multiple choice, the exam is not simply about recognizing terms but analysis as well. Good luck and God bless to all!
Human circulation
Average life span of a typical erythrocyte |
Vessel carrying O2-rich blood from the left ventricle |
Structure preventing backflow to the left ventricle |
Condition caused by hardened calcium plaques in arteries |
Vessels experiencing the highest blood velocities |
Instrument that measures blood pressure |
Main vein that collects blood from the upper part of the body |
Contraction of cardiac muscles |
right atrium –> —- –> right ventricle |
Chamber receiving blood from the inferior vena cava |
Relaxation of cardiac muscles |
Net-like protein forming the fabric of a blood clot |
Blockage of coronary arteries leading to death of cardiac tissue |
Conduct electrical signals to left and right ventricles |
Chamber receiving blood from the pulmonary vein |
Sound made when blood recoils against AV valves |
Liquid portion of the blood |
Blood cell fragments that play a role in clotting |
Muscle rings that contract to prevent blood from supplying a specific organ |
Only artery that carries O2-poor blood |
Stretching of arteries as an effect of heartbeat |
Part of EKG that signifies the start of atrial contraction |
Part of EKG that signifies the start of ventricular contraction |
Pacemaker of the heart |
Structures that help blood flow through veins |
Vessels with the largest total cross-sectional area |
Vessels experiencing the lowest blood pressures |
left atrium –> ___ –> left ventricle |
Force exerted by blood on the walls of vessels |
Heart rate x stroke volume |
Respiration
Cellular respiration process that occurs in the mitochondria |
Plants able to photosynthesize even when stomates are closed |
Photosynthesis reaction that produces sugar |
Adaptation in fish gills that maximize gas exchange |
Opening to tracheal system of insects found at sides of the abdomen |
Conversion of a glucose molecule to 2 3C molecules in the cytoplasm of cells |
Opening to the larynx composed of vocal cords and the space between |
Movement of the O2 dissociation curve to the right in response to change in blood pH |
Characteristic of hemoglobin that maximizes the # of O2 molecules bound to/released by it |
Breathing control center of brain in charge of setting the rhythm of breathing |
Maximum volume inhaled and exhaled during forced breathing |
Chamber where air is sampled for odors, moistened, and filtered |
Type of lung ventilation in reptiles and mammals |
Unidirectional tubes in bird lungs |
A by-product of anaerobic respiration |
Projections from bird lungs that act as bellows |
Thin-walled grapelike structures in human lungs |
Graph showing O2 saturation of hemoglobin vs PO2 |
Attraction of hemoglobin to O2 molecules |
Sheetlike muscle underlying human lungs |
Respiratory pigment found in muscles |
Most of CO2 in the blood occurs in this form |
Air inhaled and exhaled with each normal breath |
Main respiratory pigment in humans |
Main respiratory pigment of molluscs |
Type of ventilation in which air is forced into the lungs |
Air left in the alveoli after forced exhalation |
Y-shaped vocal organ of birds |
Large organ that can temporarily store red-blood cells in seals |
Tube of the respiratory tract reinforced with cartilage rings |
Immunity
Another name for antibodies |
Reaction that is part of the second line of defense |
Cell that directly produces anitibodies |
Leukocyte can attack parasitic worms |
Enzyme found in tears |
Big eaters of the immune system that play roles in both 2nd and 3rd lines of defense |
Process by which binding of an antigen to a lymphocyte’s receptor drives the creation of clones |
Proteins produced by virus-infected cells that prevent other body cells from being infected |
Any cell that can phagocytize a pathogen and display its antigens on its surface |
Set of genes that code for self-proteins that play a role in presenting antigens |
Body creates antibodies to the pathogen (type of immunity) |
Any nonself molecule |
Cells in connective tissue that release histamine |
Programmed cell death caused NK cells |
Type of acquired immunity that leads to the lysis of infected cells |
Lymphocyte that can be stimulated by presence of intact antigens in bloodstream |
Protein that causes fevers during infections |
Lymphocyte that stimulates both B cells and cytotoxic T cells |
Protein that causes dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels |
Type of acquired immunity driven by B cells |
Type of immunity that results from transfer of antibodies from one individual to another |
Immune response to the first exposure to an antigen |
Vaccines created with attenuated viruses are examples of this kind of immunity |
Epithelial cells and their secretions part of this kind of immunity |
Rapid and more effective immune response caused by subsequent exposure to antibodies |
Type of self molecule produced by nucleated cells of the body |
Type of self molecule produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells |
Most common type of phagocytic leukocyte |
20-30 blood proteins that can cause cells to lyse |
Cell that produces perforins causing infected body cells to lyse |
LT2 pointers and review resources
- Vertebrate respiration and breathing
- Control centers that regulate breathing
- Gas exchange and pressure gradients
- Respiratory pigments
- Adaptations of deep-diving mammals
- Pathogens and disease
- Three major lines of defense
- Specific vs. non-specific immunity
- Active and passive immunity
- Artificial and natural immunity
Presentations can be downloaded from earlier posts.
Other resources: